Important Features of Khilafat Rashida (Sciences, Arts and Reforms)
Hazrat
Abu Bakr Siddiq (RA)
The life of Sayyidina Abu Bakr Siddiq (may
Allah be pleased with him) is full of great achievements, especially the
timeless carvings of his great efforts against a short period of two and
a half years. Abu Bakr Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) was the pioneer
of the great personalities who played a role in exposing the teachings of the
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) to the land of Arabia,
which had once again become the cradle of ignorance and misguidance after the
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).
While on the one hand, the parties of the
Prophethood were creating an uprising, on the other hand, the group of Mana'in
Zakat was engaged in trying to distort the teachings of the Prophet. But the
successor, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), through his
enlightenment and extraordinary perseverance, not only protected it from being
destroyed, but then illuminated the whole of Arabia with this guidance.
Therefore, the fact is that the one who revived Islam after the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) and who has the greatest favor on the world of
Islam is this person.
There is no doubt that during the reign of
Caliph II, great works were carried out, campaigns were decided, even the
offices of Rome and Iran were overturned, but who put the stain on it? Who laid
the foundation stone of the organization of the Khilafah of Allah and above
all, who saved the flame of Islam from being extinguished? Of course, only
Siddiq Akbar's name can be mentioned in the answer to all these questions and
in fact he deserves it.
Khilafat
system of Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiqra
In Islam, the foundation of khilafah or
democratic government was first laid by Sayyidina Abu Bakr Siddiq (may Allah be
pleased with him), so he himself was elected by the election of jamhoor and in
practice, all the great works were carried out, all the Kabar Companions
participated in the form of opinion and advice, which is why they did not allow
the wise and experienced Companions to separate from the Dar-ul-Khilafah. The
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) nominated 'Umar (may Allah
be pleased with him) in his campaign, but he persuaded Usama (may Allah be
pleased with him) to leave Madinah to assist 'Umar (may Allaah be pleased with
him). (Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd, Part Of Maghazi). When the idea of an army on Syria
came, he first presented it to the companions for advice, they were reluctant
to leave such an important and dangerous task, but Sayyidina Ali (may Allah be
pleased with him) gave a favorable opinion. (Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, p. 149) and then
agreed upon. Similarly, the opinion of the Ahl-ul-Rai-e-Sahaba was sought
against the disbelievers, jihad against the disbelievers, against 'Umar and all
other important matters. This historical fact mentioned in Ibn Sa'd is as
follows:
"When something happened, Abu Bakr
al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) used to consult the ahl al-rai and
fiqh-e-sahaba, and he used to call some prominent people from among the
muhajirs and ansar, namely Umar, 'Uthman, 'Ali, 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Auf, Mu'aaz
b. Jabal, Abi b. Ka'b and Zayd b. Thabit, all of whom used to issue fatwas
during the time of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq( may Allah be pleased with him). (Tabaqat
Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 2, p. 109)
System
of the Kingdom
After the nature of government, the most
important thing is to establish the administration of the country on the best
principles, the distribution of posts and the right selection of officials. Abu
Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) divided the empire into several provinces
and districts, so Medina, Makkah, Taif, Sana'a, Najran, Hadramut, Bahrain and
Dumat al-Jundal were separate provinces. (Tarikh-e-Tabari, p. 2136). In each
province, an agent was appointed who performed all kinds of duties, however, in
the particular capital, almost most of the departments were appointed separate
officials, for example, before the command of Sayyidina Abu Ubaida( may Allah
be pleased with them), the officers were mal, Sayyidina Umar (may Allah be
pleased with them) was the judge, Sayyidina Uthman and Zayd bin Thabit (may
Allah be pleased with them) were the scribes of the Khilafah court.
(Tarikh-e-Tabari, p. 2135). Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) always
preferred those who had been agents or officials in the Prophet's (pbuh) era,
and asked them to work in the same places where he had previously worked, such
as 'Atab bin Usayyid in Makkah in the Prophet's (peace and blessings of Allaah
be upon him), Uthman bin Abi al-'As on Taif, Muhajir bin Umayyah on Sana'a, Ziyad
bin Labaid on Death and Bahrain. Alaa bin al-Hadrami (may Allah be pleased with
him) was in charge. Therefore, The First Caliph also retained the same people
in these places. (Tarikh-e-Tabari, 2083). When he appointed someone to a
responsibility or position, he would usually call him and explain his duties
and advise him to be safe and piety in very effective words. So he sent 'Amr
ibn al-'As and Walid ibn 'Uqbah (may Allaah be pleased with them) to give
charity to the tribe of Qaza' and advised them in these words.
"Fear Allah in solitude, and whoever
fears Allah creates for him such a sabeel and a source of sustenance that no
one can imagine." Whoever fears Allah, He forgives his sins. And his
reward is doubled. Verily, the good will of Allah's servants is the best piety,
you are on a path of Allah in which there is no room for inflation and neglect
of such things in which the stability of religion and the protection of the
Khilafah are included. So don't give way to cheap austerity." (Musnad
Ahmad, Vol. 1, p. 6)
Ta'zir
and Hudood
Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased
with him) personally treated the criminals very sympathetically, so in the
Prophethood, a man from the Tribe of Aslam confessed to him of iniquity. He
said no. He said, "Repent to Allah, and keep this secret hidden, Allah
will also hide it, because He accepts the repentance of his servants, but this
person was not released, and he himself confessed four times in a row and was
happily stoned." (Abu Dawood, Kitab al-Hadid)
However, from the political reality, the
first duty of the Caliph's time is the moral supervision of the nation and the
protection of the life and property of the subjects, and in this position,
although he did not establish a permanent department of police and
accountability, but maintained the situation as it was during the time of the
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). He said, "The
punishment for some crimes, such as the limit of alcohol was different in the
Prophet's Covenant, but during his time he made it mandatory for a drunkard to
pay forty dirhams."
The
finance system
There was no regular department of
bait-ul-maal in the Prophet's era, but the money that came from different
sources was distributed at the same time, so the same arrangement continued in
his time, so every year he gave ten dirhams to every free, slave, man, woman without any discrimination. (Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd, vol. 3, p.
151). In the last regime, a bait-ul-maal was also built, but there
was never an opportunity to deposit any large amount of money in it, so there
was no arrangement to protect it.
Defence
system
Like the Prophet's (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) caliphate did not have a regular army department, however,
when an army left on an expedition, he divided it into different troops and
appointed separate officers, so the army that left for Syria followed the same
method, that the officers of all tribes and their flags were different
nationally. The new position is also invented by the First Caliph and Sayyidina
Khalid bin Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) was appointed to this
position. (Fath al-Baldan, p. 115)
The advantage of the mobilization was that
it helped the Mujahideen of Islam greatly against the regular army of the
Romans, so Sayyidina Khalid bin Walid (may Allah be pleased with him) invented
the method of ta'biyya and fixed the place and function of each contingent on
the battlefield. In the same way, in the state of war, which used to spread
chaos in the army due to lack of any order and system, it was stopped.
(Tarikh-e-Tabari). Apart from this, the establishment of military cantonments,
roaming in the ranks of sophisticated soldiers for the moral training of
soldiers, correcting anyone who saw any weakness, many speeches in the address
to the army are present in the golden annals of history. So before the army
attack on Syria, he said to the commander,
You will find a people who have dedicated
themselves to the worship of Allah, leave them, I make ten bequests to you not
to kill any woman, child or old man, not to cut down fruit trees, not to
destroy any inhabited place, not to burn oases, not to embezzle in booty, and
not to be cowards. (Tarikh al-Khilafah, p. 96)
Countering
innovations
The main reason for the distortion of all
religions is the innovations that gradually change its original form by
becoming a part and religion in such a way that it becomes difficult to
distinguish between the innovations of the founders of the religion. On the
occasion, it came to know about the woman of the Tribe of Ahmas that she does
not talk, when you asked the reason, she said that she has planned to perform
silent Hajj, on hearing this, she said, "This is the method of ignorance,
it is not permissible in Islam, you stop her and talk to her, this woman said
who are you?" Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) said:
Collection
and Order of the Qur'an
Many of the martyrs were martyred against
the prophethood and the apostates of Islam, especially in the bloody battle of
Yamama, so many companions were martyred that Sayyidina Umar Farooq (may Allah
be pleased with him) feared that if this trend of martyrdom of the Companions
continued, most of the Qur'an would be lost. That is why he recommended to the
First Caliph to collect the Qur'an. Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him)
said: "This is a good work, and by his repeated insistence, he was a scribe
to Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allaah be pleased with him). He ordered the
collection of the Qur'an. At first they also had an excuse in this work, but
then their interest was understood and with great effort and care, all the
miscellaneous components were collected in the form of a book.
I did it. (Bukhari, Vol. 2, p. 45)
Ibn Hajar (may Allaah have mercy on him)
said:
Allaah says in the Qur'an that the Qur'an
is collected in the scriptures. The Qur'an was written in the scriptures, but
it was varied. Sayyidina Abu Bakr Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him)
gathered it in one place. Then he was safe after them. Even 'Uthman (may Allah
be pleased with him) copied several copies and sent them to other cities. (Fath
al-Bari, p. 10)
It is clear from this interpretation that
by your order, Sayyidina Zayd (may Allah be pleased with him) had collected
various components of the Qur'an and merged them into a book.
He also used to take special care in the
matter of hadith and paid great attention to health hadith, so once the issue
of grandmother's inheritance came up for consideration, since there is no
explanation about it in the Qur'an, so the behavior of the Sunnah of the
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) had to be discovered.
Al-Mughira ibn Al-Shaykh (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "I know
that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) used
to give one-sixth of his grandmother. Sayyidina Muhammad bin Mus'ilmah (may
Allah be pleased with him) stood up and confirmed it. (Tazkirat al-Hafaaz, Vol.
1, p. 3)
Invitation
and Propagation
The most important duty of the Prophet (may
Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) is the propagation of religion.
Sayyidina Abu Bakr Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) had an extraordinary
disappointment from the very beginning. When the khilafah came, as a duty, it
developed more. He raised the mantle of Islam all over Arabia again, and sent
armies against the Romans and Iranians. He instructed them to first invite
Ghanim to Islam, as well as to spread the invitation among the Arab tribes who
live on these sides, because they could be more easily inclined towards it due
to national unity. But most of the tribes of Iraq, Arabia and The Syrian
borders responded. In addition, different tribes and people entered the realm
of Islam.
The
Promise of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)
Repaying the debts of the Prophet (peace
and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and fulfilling the promises was also
included in the khilafah, he retired from this duty at the first opportunity
and as soon as his booty arrived after the conquest of Bahrain, he announced
that if something came out of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be
upon him) or if he had made a promise to someone, then come to me. Allaah says
(interpretation of the meaning): Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allaah be pleased with
him) gave him three times with both hands. In the same way, may Abu Bashir
Al-Mazni (may Allaah be pleased with him) be blessed with 1400 dirhams for his
statement. (Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd)
Case
of Ahl al-Bayt
Although the disputes over the Garden of
Fadak and the Issue of Khums had spread some misunderstanding among the
relatives of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him),
especially Sayyida Fatima (may Allah be pleased with her), the First Caliph
always treated them with pleasure and love. (Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd)
For those for whom the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) had made a will, or for whom he had special
pleasure, the First Caliph always took care of their honor and the will of the
Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).
Rights
of Dhimmis
Abu Bakr Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with
him) not only upheld the rights of the non-believers who were given refuge in
Islamic countries in the Prophethood era and their rights were fixed through
the covenants, but also confirmed them again with his seal signature. In this
way, in the countries that were conquered in his own time, the Dhimi subjects
were given almost the same rights as the Muslims, so the words of the agreement
with the people of Hera were, "Their monasteries and churches will not be
demolished, nor will any town be demolished in which they are fortified against
the enemies in times of need. You will not be prevented from taking out the
cross on occasions." (Kitab-ul-Qur'an)
During the reign of Caliph I, the rate of
jizya or tax was very easy and it was ordered to be fixed on those who were
able to pay it, so out of the seven thousand inhabitants of Hera, 1,000 were
completely exempt and only ten dirhams were fixed annually on the rest. will be
acquitted. Also bait-ul-maal will be its sponsor. (Kitab al-Qur'an, p. 72)
Khilafat Umar Farooq (RA)
During his 10-and-a-half-year caliphate,
the Islamic state spread from Iran, Baluchistan, Khorasan (Samarkand Bukhara,
etc.) to Tripoli al-Gharb (about 2,251,030 square miles), which is a record in
human history for such a long time. In which Damascus, the Capital of the
Romans in Central Asia Homs, Palestine, Egypt, Tripoli al-Gharb, Jordan, Iran
(which at that time consisted of Iraq, Baluchistan, Kabul, the Trans-Canal
Khorasan and countless areas) and conquered more than 1000 balads and then set
high examples of justice and righteous honesty on earth. On the one hand,
righteousness and chastity were created in the hearts of the creation of God,
on the other hand, he established such a welfare system that fulfilled all the
basic needs of every person and even made laws for the protection of animals
and said that if a dog dies of hunger on the banks of the Nile, then Umar will
be responsible.
system of government
Under "Wa Amrham Shura Binham" (Sura Al-Shura: 38), important matters were consulted and final
decisions were made by the Amir al-Mu'minin. He appointed Hazrat Abdullah (RA)
as General Secretary and Protector bait-ul-Maal and Hazrat Muhammad bin
Maslamah (RA) as Ombudsman. There was a strict system of accountability. The
greatest personality could not escape accountability for violating rules and
regulations. On the occasion of Hajj, all provincial governors were required to
attend Hajj. Hazrat Umar (RA) used to participate in Hajj every year. People of
every area were given an opportunity to complain and immediate action was taken
against the governors. A man complained about The Governor of Egypt, Hazrat Amr
bin Al-Aas, the Governor of Egypt, had punished me unjustly for flogging, then
Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA) ordered hazrat Umar bin Al-As to be flogged in the Hajj
congregation, after which this person announced to waive the right of Qasas.
It was necessary for the Amir-ul-Momineen
and all the governors to adopt the attitude of a common man, do not use
expensive horses in Turkey, do not wear fine clothes, do not eat bread of
peeled flour, do not increase property, do not close their doors to the public,
do not appoint guards at the doors. Amir-ul-Momineen himself used to receive
two pairs of clothes a year from Bait-ul-Mal and a small stipend from a laborer
every day. There are always patches on the shoulders of your worn shirt. Once
the reason for the delay in the Friday sermon was that there was only one pair
of clothes, there was a delay in waiting for it to be washed and dried. Such
was the state of austerity that he used to eat breakfast with the remaining
pieces of the night, once the honorable guests came from Iraq, they were also
offered the remaining pieces of the night in breakfast, then the guests lifted
their hands from the food after eating a morsel. When the Companions thought it
inappropriate, they asked Hazrat Ali al-Murtaza (may Allah be pleased with him)
to talk to the Amir-ul-Mu'minin, hazrat Ali al-Murtaza (may Allah be pleased
with him) said: "Talk to 'A'ishah Siddiqa( may Allah be pleased with her).
When the Companions talked to Hazrat Umm-ul-Momineen (RA), Hazrat Umm-ul-Momineen
(RA) narrated the complaint of the Companions to Amir-ul-Mu'mineen and
Amir-ul-Momineen Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA) mentioned the simplicity and
simplicity of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) and faqr-e-faqah and started crying
and said, "O Umm-ul-Mu'mineen! It is better to follow the words of the
Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).
The governor of Egypt, Hazrat Ayaz bin
Ghanim( May Allah be pleased with him) put on a thin dress and deposed them and
said, "Take the goats and graze the goats." Hazrat Sa'd bin Abi
Waqaqad (May Allah be pleased with him) stood guard outside his office and
deposed him. When your brother-in-law Qadama drank alcohol, he set up 80 lashes
of alcohol. Freedom of criticism was generally allowed. Hazrat Salman Farsi
(RA) asked during the khutbah that he had prepared his clothes from more than
one sheet, and he replied that my son Abdullah bin Umar had given me his share
of sheets. He once said, "What will I do if I deviate from the
commandments of Allah and His Messenger?" A young man heard the sword and
said, "We will cut off your neck, so you were very happy." And he
said, "As long as such young people are present, no one can turn away from
the commands of Allah and His Messenger." He also said: "The most
beloved of all the people to me is the one who puts my faults in front of
me."
Faruqi's Reforms
He established the army, post,
bait-ul-maal, measurement, police and other departments, established floors and
shrines. He built 4000 mosques, out of which 900 were comprehensive,
established hijri, started taraweeh prayer with the Quran, arranged lighting
mosques, appointed guards in cities, made education compulsory for traders,
established madrasas, appointed stipends for teachers. When the educational
report of the seminaries revealed that more than 10,000 hafaz had been prepared
from Hazrat Abul Darda's Seminary Jama Masjid Damascus, he was very happy. He
forbade the women of the People of the Book to marry politically. Instead of
al-Qulub, he ordered muslims to pay zakaah. He expanded the Masjid-e-Nabawi and
maintained simplicity. For the first time, a boundary wall was built around the
Masjid-e-Haram. He expelled The Jews from the Holy Hejaz and gave religious
freedom to all non-Muslims in their homes and places of worship, but did not
give them the right to preach in public places. He also established a police
department in the name of Sahib Ahadath, whose responsibility was to protect
the public and government assets, maintain law and order and control
encroachments. He dug a 69-mile-long canal from the Nile river to the Sea of
Kalzm, in the name of The Amir al-Mu'minin, in which boats ran, as well as
several other canals, one of which became known as "Canal Abi Musa
Al-Ash'ari".
Provincial Governments
He established provincial governments in
Makkah and Madinah, Manora, Syria, The Island, Egypt, Palestine, Kufa, Basra,
Khorasan, Azerbaijan, Persia and other places.
He pledged not to increase his life and
property and held him accountable very strictly.
Defense systems in far-flung
The system of the army was fixed on every
ten amir al-asher, one super leader and 1,000 amir. He established military
garrisons in Basra, Kufa, Jordan, Tripoli al-Gharb, where food was stocked,
horses, camels and weapons were stored, and horses and camels were fired with
"Jaish fi Sabeel Allah". On this occasion, he fixed 5000 scholarships
for the companions of Badr and 2000 for their children, but kept the wazifa of
Imam Hasan and Imam Hussain (RA) and The Holy Prophet Hazrat Usama (RA) equal
to that of The Companions of Badr. kept. Medina was mostly made the center for
military recruitment and 30,000 soldiers would have been recruited every year,
if the number of enemies was 200,000, more than 40,000 mujahideen would not
have been sent in the competition.
Amir al-Mu'minin himself was the
commander-in-chief of the entire army and in all major wars, he used to map the
war himself and send instructions with it. He himself expressed his leadership
in the battle with the super power Iran on the occasion of the Battle of
Qadisiyya, but the Aqabar Companions, including Hazrat Ali al-Murtaza (may
Allah be pleased with him), did not allow him to leave Madinah, so he appointed
Hazrat Saad bin Abi Waqas as commander, Hazrat Zubair as Lamb, Hazrat Abdul
Rahman bin Auf as Amir on Masra and Hazrat Talha on Muqaddat-ul-Jaish.
prepared.
Khilafat Sayyidina Uthman (Radhi Allahu
Anhu)
After the martyrdom of Hazrat Umar (ra), a
six-member committee selected by him unanimously appointed him caliph, during
his 12-year ideal caliphate, the scope of the Islamic Empire expanded and
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Tripoli, Algeria and Morocco were conquered. Cyprus was
conquered in the Mediterranean sea near Syria in 28 AH, Tabaristan in 30 AH,
Marwdar, Talistan and Jozjan adjacent to Constantinople in 33 AH.
provincial system
In relation to the system of government,
the first task is the proper division of provinces and districts, Hazrat Umarra
divided the country of Syria into three provinces, i.e. Damascus, Jordan, and
Palestine were declared separate provinces. It is more useful to be associated
with the same center, as a result of this, in the last period, when the whole
country had become a breeding ground for conspiracy and fitnah, all the
districts that were annexed to Syria remained clean from it, other provinces
remained intact, but the modern conquered countries i.e. Tripoli, Cyprus,
Armenia and Tabaristan became separate provinces.
Distribution of powers
Hazrat Uthman (ra) invented a modern post
of officer of the army, before that, i.e. the ruler of the province of
Management of the country, he also used to do the officer of the army, so Yaali
bin Manba became the agent of Sana'a, then Abdullah bin Rabi'ah became the
officer of the army, similarly Amr bin al-As was the egyptian before the
dismissal and the reins of the Egyptian army were in the hands of Abdullah bin
Abi Sirh.
Monitoring of the authorities
The most important duty of the Caliph's
time is the supervision of the authorities and amal, although Hazrat Uthman
(ra) was very soft in nature, the matter used to be angry and patience,
patience, complacency and chaste ness was his shiva, but in the affairs of the
country, he made violence, accountability and hypocrisy his behavior, Saeed bin
Abi Waqas took a lot of money from Bait-ul-Mal, which could not be paid, Hazrat
Usmanra Walid bin 'Uqbah smoked, deposed him and issued the limit, Abu Musa
al-Ash'ari took a wealthy life and removed him from the post of responsibility,
as well as the Egyptians of Amr bin al-'As could not increase the tribute
there, then separated them. It was a common method of monitoring that research
delegations were sent from the Court of Khilafah for the discovery, who visited
all the countries and assessed the behavior of The Amal and the condition of
the subjects, these three elders were prominent among the Companions, so they were among those who were sent to
inquire about the general condition of the country in 35 AH. (Tabari p. 2943)
In order to get acquainted with the
condition of the country, it was his routine that when he came to the pulpit on
Friday, before starting the sermon, he would ask the people about the news of
the country and listen very carefully.
They used to be summoned, so they used to investigate the complaints in front
of everyone and redress them. (Tabari:2944)
System
of State
Hazrat Usman (ra) kept the manual of the
country's administration prepared by Farooq Azam (ra) intact and developed all
the departments of different sectors that had been established, it was the
effect of this administration that the country's revenue increased
phenomenally, during the reign of Hazrat Umarra, Egypt's tribute was 2 million dinars, but in the Ottoman era
its quantity reached 4 million. (Fatuh
al-Baldan Al-Balazari:223)
System of Bait-ul-Maal
Due to modern conquests, when there was an
extraordinary increase in the country's revenue, the expenditure of
bait-ul-maal also increased.
As a result, the stipends of the
ahl-e-wazaif increased by 100 dirhams, Hazrat Umar (ra) used to give two
dirhams to the Ummah al-Mu'minin (ra) and one dirham to the people daily from
bait-ul-maal in Ramadan.
Construction
The wider the scope of the government, the
more the construction work also increased, buildings were prepared for
different offices in all the provinces, roads bridges and mosques were built
for the general public, guest houses were built for the passengers, earlier
there was no guest house in Kufa. A very grand guest house was built. Both in
terms of the management of the country and the convenience of the subjects, it
was necessary that all the roads of the capital should be made easy and
comfortable, so Hazrat Usmanra prepared cookies, pillows and spectacles from
the spot, on the way to Medina, so a very sophisticated sarai was built at a
distance of twenty-four miles from Medina on the way to Najd, as well as a
small market was set up, as well as a well of shirin water. Gaya which is known
as Biralsaib.
Dam Mahzor (Flood barrier)
From the direction of Khyber, sometimes
there used to be very dangerous floods in Medina, which caused severe damage to
the population of the city, the Mosque of The Prophet (pbuh) was likely to be
shocked by it, so Hazrat Uthman (ra) built a dam near Madri a short distance
from Medina and dug the canal and diverted the flood to the other side. It's a
great achievement. (Summary of Wafa: 124)
Construction and expansion of The
Prophet's Mosque
Hazrat Uthman Dhu'l-Nooreen's hand is most
prominent in the construction of the Mosque of the Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allaah be upon him), when the expansion of the mosque proved insufficient
due to the abundance of Muslims in the Prophet's (peace and blessings of Allaah
be upon him), hazrat Usman (ra) bought a nearby plot of land and presented it
to the Prophethood. First of all, he intended it in 24 AH, but those who had
houses around the mosque were not willing to give up the honor of proximity to
the Mosque of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) even
after paying enough compensation. After consulting the Companions of The Holy
Prophet (pbuh), Hazrat Usman (ra) gave a very effective speech on Friday and
drew attention to the abundance of worshippers and the difficulty of the
mosque, the effect of this speech was that the people happily gave their houses
and he started the construction work with great arrangement. Therefore, after
ten months of continuous struggle, a very pleasant and stable building of
brick, lime and stone was prepared, the scope also increased significantly,
that is, the length increased by fifty yards, but there was no change in the
dimension. (Summary of Wafa: 124)
Defence system
Hazrat Usman (ra) developed the military
system on the basis of which Hazrat Umar (ra) established the military system
during his tenure, those whose stipends were appointed in the reward of
military service, Hazrat Usmanra added 100 dirhams to it and separated the
military section from the administrative sections and subordinated it to
separate permanent officers in all the headquarters. It is said that Amir
Mu'awiya needed military reinforcements to fight the Romans in the syrian
border, so the armies of Iran and Armenia arrived in a hurry, similarly when
Abdullah bin Abi Sirh needed military power to revolt in Tripoli, the
reinforcements of Syria and Iraq helped at the right time, when the Egyptian
army failed in the conquest of Africa. Reinforcements were sent from Madinah,
whose officer was Hazrat Abdullah ra bin Zubayr, who successfully ended the
battle. Military centers were also established in Tripoli, Cyprus, Tabaristan
and Armenia in addition to the places that were declared military centers in the
Ottoman era, and cantonments were established in the districts where a small
army was always stationed. In the whole country, very extensive pastures were
built for the rearing of horses and camels, there were many pastures around the
capital itself, the largest pasture was in Rabdha, which is located at a
distance of four floors from Medina, this pasture was ten miles long and
equally wide. During the time of Hazrat Uthman(ra), when horses and camels were
abundant, these pastures were expanded more than before and springs were
prepared near each pasture, so a fountain of water was purchased from Bani
Sabia in The Place of Zarba and reserved for pasture. The abundance of camels
and horses in the Ottoman era can be gauged from the fact that 40,000 camels were
reared in the pasture of Zarba alone.
Emirate of Navy
In Islam, naval warfare and naval military
arrangements started from the caliphate of Hazrat Usman(ra), before that it was
considered a dangerous task, but sadly, the detailed arrangements are not known
from the histories, only it is known that on the attention of Amir Muawiyah,
the court of the Khilafah was ordered to prepare a warship and Abdullah bin
Qais Harithi became its amir al-bahr. It is so certain that at the same time
the naval power of the Muslims had increased so much that Cyprus was easily subdued
and the great Roman fleet, which had five hundred ships, was defeated by the
Islamic fleet so much that then it did not dare to turn to the Islamic Swahili.
Religious Services
The most important duty of the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) is to serve and propagate the
religion, so Hazrat Uthman Dhu'l-Nooreen (ra) was always concerned about
performing this duty. He himself went to them and performed the duty of
preaching Islam, so two women were inspired and accepted the Word of Monotheism
and became Muslims by heart. (Adab al-Mufardab Khafz al-Mar'a)
After the publication of Islam among the
Gentiles, the greatest service is the religious teaching and teaching of the
Muslims themselves, Hazrat Usman (ra) himself used to explain the problems of
fiqh face-to-face and practically teach it, once he did ablution and said that
I had seen the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) doing
ablution in this way. If he could not form a correct opinion, he used to ask
other Companions and also instruct the public to turn to them, once during the
journey of Hajj, a person offered the meat of a bird which was hunted, when you
sat down to eat, you doubted whether it was permissible to eat it in ihram or
not. Hazrat Ali (ra) was also a companion and he gave a fatwa of invalidity and
Hazrat Usman (ra) stopped eating at the same time.
(Mustadrak Ibn Hanbal, vol. 1: 100)
There was full attention to the religious
arrangements, the construction of the Mosque of the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) had passed, the population of Medina had
developed so much that one azaan was not enough on Friday, so another muezzin
was appointed who used to inform the people about the time of prayer by giving
the call to prayer in the place of Zora. He used to level the ranks with
alacrity. (Musnad Shafi'i: 38)
Hazrat Usmanra's most outstanding
achievement in terms of religious service is to protect the Qur'an from
differences and its general publication, the details of which are that in the
campaign of Armenia and Azerbaijan, the armies of different countries like
Syria, Egypt, Iraq, etc., were present, most of whom were neo-Muslims and Ajmi
ethnic, whose mother tongue was not Arabic, Hazrat Huzaifa bin Yaman was also a
participant in jihad. The difference of opinion is that the recitation of the
People of Syria is completely different from that of the People of Iraq,
similarly the recitation of the People of Basra is different from that of the
People of Kufa and each considers the recitation of his country to be correct
and the other to be wrong. If they do not worry about the reform of The
Muslims, they will create serious differences in the Book of God like
Christians and Romans." Hazrat Usmanra also thought when Hazrat
Huzaifa(ra) drew the attention of Hazrat Huzaifa(ra) and he took a copy of The
Covenant of Siddiqi from Umm Al-Momineen Hazrat Hafsa (ra) and copied it from
Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit, Abdullah bin Zubair and Saeed bin Al-As and copied it
all over the country. He published and deleted all the various works that
people themselves had written with different sources. (Bukhari, Bab
Jama'ul-Quran)
Khilafat Nizam Sayyidina Ali (RA)
When Ameer-ul-Momineen Hazrat Sayyidina Ali
al-Murtaza took over the Caliphate, the Muslim Ummah was very high.
She was going through a bad period of
difficulty and suffering. The enemies of the Khilafah had control of Madinah,
the capital, and roamed everywhere. At the time of the Caliph, Sayyidina Uthman
bin Affan was martyred inside his house in broad daylight and no one used to
attack his killers. Requests were made to the great companions to take over the
position of Khilafat, but no one was ready to take up this responsibility, in
these circumstances, Sayyidina Ali was forced to accept the post of Khilafat and
as soon as he assumed this great position, there were rivers of difficulties,
which he continued to cross until his martyrdom. In spite of civil wars,
insurgencies, rebellions and conspiracies, he managed the Khilafat system for 4
years and 9 months and even devoted his abilities to the service of Islam and
the people of Islam, which is presented in detail.
Changes of authorities
The first thing syedna ali did after
assuming the office of khilafat was to remove the governors appointed by
Sayyiduna Uthman in order to improve the political system and appoint his
trusted people in their place. Although it did not yield good results and you
had to face many difficulties in the future as a result of your move. However,
this is how you tried to improve the political system. The second important
task was to move the capital from Madinah to Kufa and stay there himself.
However, many of the Companions prevented him from taking this step.
(Al-Badayah wa'l-Nihaiyyah, Vol. 7, p. 233)
Although historians have not given specific
reasons for the change of capital, it is clear that you had a large number of
supporters in Iraq, especially Kufa, so Kufa was made the capital, but it is
certain that Sayyidina Ali will have a reason for this move. Due to the change
of capital, you also had to face difficulties and the people of Kufa always
troubled you and repeatedly committed treachery and infidelity. In view of
Sayyidina 'Ali, Sayyidina 'Umar al-Farooq's style was in power and he always tried
to follow him, as Yahya bin Adam writes that the life of Sayyidina 'Ali was
similar to that of Sayyidina 'Umar. Imam Al-Bukhaari narrates that 'Abd
al-Khair, a student of Sayyidina 'Ali, says that on one occasion, Sayyidina
'Ali said, "Sayyidina 'Umar was given the best possible ability and was
the right judge in the Caliphate and understood the right matter." By
Allah, I will not change what Umar has done. (Al-Tarikh al-Kabir, vol. 4, p.
145)
When he went to Kufa, the people of Kufa
asked him to stay in Dar-ul-Amrat and said, "There is no need for me to
stay in Dar-ul-Amrat because 'Umar b. al-Khattab disliked staying in
Dar-ul-Amrat." Sayyidina 'Ali was personally a simple and generous person,
so he also ran the affairs of the government with simplicity and taught
simplicity to his governors. Historians have narrated many incidents of your
simplicity during the Caliphate. Even in the time of Khilafat, you used to eat
simple and wear simple clothes. Despite being the Caliph, he used to take very
little stipend from Bait-ul-Maal as much as necessary and sufficient. That is
why when you left the world, you had a cotton robe and a sheet. (Kitab al-Ahwal
Labi Ubaid, p. 270)
He used to say that the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) had said that nothing is lawful for the Caliph
except two cups of Allah's wealth. A cup that he and his family should eat and
a cup that he should offer to the people as a hospitality. Sayyidina 'Ali used
to say that the existence of caliph and amir al-mu'minin was necessary for
Muslims, he used to say that the matter of ummah can be correct only with the
existence of an emir or caliph. Whatever the rich he is. He used to say that there
are three things which are found in the Imam of the Muslims and the Caliph,
then he will be the Imam who performs his duties in the true sense. (1) When he
decides, he should do justice, (2) do not hide from his subjects and sit in
curtains, (3) Implement the commandments of the Book of Allah on all people
from time to time. In the same way, he used to say that five things are related
to the Imam (Caliph) of the Muslims. (1) Jumu'ah prayer (2) Eid prayer (3)
Receipt of charity (4) Appointment of judges (5) Taking qasas. (Al-Rood
al-Nafir, Vol. 4, p. 143)
The judicial system
Allaah bestowed upon Sayyidina Ali the
virtue of knowledge, intelligence, intelligence and fiqh, as well as making up
(making judgment based on justice in disputed matters between the parties), so
this was acknowledged by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon
him) himself and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) made
many decisions in his life and also confirmed them. Rather, the judge of Yemen
was appointed and sent. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)
also taught him the principles of trial. (Musnad Ahmad, vol. 1, p. 96, 143)
Then he was his advisor during the caliphate of Sayyidina Siddiq Akbar and
continued to perform the duties of mufti and qazi. Similarly, in the time of
Sayyidina Umar-ul-Farooq, he was a judge and Sayyidina Umar appointed him as
the judge of Madinah. Sayyidina 'Umar acknowledged his ability to make up and
said, "Ali is 'Aqdana, our best judge. (Al-Tabaqat Laban Sa'd, Vol. 2, p.
102, Bukhari Sharif, Vol. 2, p. 644). Then Sayyidina Ali held the position of
judge even during the caliphate of Sayyidina Uthman.
After the martyrdom of Sayyidina 'Uthman,
when Sayyidina 'Ali assumed the office of Khilafat, although he appointed
judges in the areas under his control, he himself used to decide special cases.
Sayyidina Ali used to appoint judges as the responsibility of the Caliph.
Regarding the qualities of the judge, Sayyidina Ali used to say that a judge
should not become a judge unless he has five attributes. (1) He should be
chaste, (2) patient, (3) he should be well aware of the decisions of his
predecessors, (4) He should also seek advice from scholars, (5) He should not
be afraid of the reproach of any blasphemer in connection with the commands of
Allah, otherwise he is afraid. (Al-Mughni, vol. 9, p. 43) Sayyidina Ali used to
appoint judges during his caliphate and give them regular salaries from
bait-ul-maal. In the same way, you gave full freedom to the judiciary within
the decisions. So that the judges can make decisions according to the Law
without fear. So when there was a dispute between you and a Jew during your
caliphate over the ownership of a zara and the case went to the judge appointed
by you and they gave a verdict against you for not completing the evidence on
your behalf, you gladly accepted it and the zara was given to the Jew. He
himself came and accepted the decision against him, so he recited the Word and
became a Muslim and confessed that zara belongs to Sayyidina Ali. (Kanz
al-Amal: 64)
economic system
During the caliphate of Sayyidina Ali, the
economic and economic conditions in the country were right. The sources from
which bait-ul-maal's income came from were very carefully used. Therefore, he
used to give regular instructions to his amal (workers) that in the collection
of government dues (Zakat, Sadaqat, Jizya, Tribute, Ushr, etc.), neither
negligence should be adopted nor unjust people should be wronged, but he used
to say that in the collection of dues, the matter of leniency and compassion
should be done to the people and efforts should be made to keep the people
happy in this regard. Therefore, the disabled, the kalash and the needy were
not strict with regard to government dues. (Kitab al-Qur'an, p. 69)
In the same way, he was very careful about
the expenses of bait-ul-maal. It has been mentioned earlier that he himself
used to take a small amount of money as salary from Bait-ul-Mal. Similarly,
governors and government functionaries were also strictly instructed and
closely monitored to spend the money of Bait-ul-Mal properly in its
expenditure. He used to spend on the needy, needy people from bait-ul-maal and
used to work very extensively in this regard.
Defence system
Sayyidina Ali's bravery and bravery were
admired. After the migration, he participated in almost all the battles under
the leadership of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)
and showed the essence of courage and bravery. Sayyidina Ali had a lot of
experience in war affairs, so he was considered an expert and experienced
general. Sayyidina Ali focused on military affairs and military affairs during
his caliphate and implemented reforms in it. Although there were a large number
of Iraqis in your army during your caliphate, who always troubled you and in
many important war battles, they showed cowardice, weakness and excuses to
avoid participation in the fight, and continued to disobey your commands and
violate the rules. Due to which the opponents made it famous about him that he
does not have expertise in the arts of war, so on one occasion he explained in
this regard and said that "Quraish" thinks that Abu Talib's son
(Sayyidina Ali) is brave but is not familiar with the arts of war. I was in
wars when I was not even 20 years old and now I am more than 40 years old, but
if no one obeys, his opinion (skill and experience) has no value. (Marwaj
al-Dhahab, Vol. 2, p. 62)
It is clear from the last sentence of
Sayyidina Ali that despite his expertise and experience in war and military
affairs, he could not achieve much military achievements due to the
disobedience of his army and violation of the rules. Therefore, Sayyidina Ali
tried to improve the military system during his caliphate, so he established a
large number of military posts on the Syrian border. Similarly, in view of the
uprisings in Iran, forts were built to protect Bait-ul-Maal, women, and
children.
Services to Religion
Like the Caliphs, Sayyidina Ali's aim was
to serve the religion. Therefore, after assuming the position of Khilafat, he
made all efforts in this regard. In addition to preaching the teachings and
teachings of Islam and promoting the religious system, some neo-Muslim
Christians in Iran and Armenia converted to apostasy, so he sent Ma'iq bin Qays
to subdue them, who fought them and re-admitted them to the realm of Islam.
(Tahawi Shareef, Vol. 2, p. 102)
The people of Kerman and Persia refused to
pay tribute, so you sent an army and killed them. (Tabari, Vol. 6, p. 79)
Accountability of amals
As has been mentioned, Sayyidina Ali used
to try to follow Sayyidina Umar in the performance of khilafah affairs, so like
Sayyidina Umar, he also kept a close watch on the actions and activities of his
subordinates, governors and functionaries and kept them accountable from time
to time. He used to think about the arrival and expenditure of bait-ul-maal and
research how the authorities behaved with the public and what the public
thought about the authorities. For this purpose, he sometimes sent regular delegations,
such as once the well-known companion, Sayyidina Ka'b bin Malik, along with a
delegation, to hold the officials of all the districts of Iraq accountable.
(Kitab al-Qur'an, p. 67)
He used to be strictly accountable about
the arrival and expenses of Bait-ul-Mal and did not tolerate even the slightest
hesitation in this regard, even with his close relative. For example, when the
mufassir-ul-Quran and Jalil-ul-Qadr companion, Sayyidina Abdullah bin Abbas,
who was the cousin of Sayyidina Ali, was the governor of Basra in his
caliphate, he denied it through a letter, but Sayyidina Ali instead of
accepting the denial asked him for full details of the movement of
Bait-ul-Maal, he resigned from the governorship as a protest. given. (Ibn
Athir, vol. 3, p. 194, al-Badayah wa'l-Nihayah, vol. 7, p. 322)
Amr ba'l-Ma'min wa Nahi an al-Mankar
Sayyidina 'Ali (a) used to perform the
duties of 'Amr al-'Amr al-'Amr al-'Anhee an al-Mankar during the khilafat
period. He used to conduct financial accountability from a subordinate officer
and government officials and also kept an eye on their personal and individual
life so that no evil or wrong practice on their part would be embedded in the
public, on the other hand, he also monitored the morals and actions of the
people and if he saw any evil, he would eliminate it immediately. Where the
subordinate authorities were instructed for this purpose, you yourself used to
do the same and also impose penal punishments on the perpetrators of the
crimes. Therefore, he considered the publication of obscenity and obscenity as
a crime and punished it. He used to say, "Whoever narrates or propagates
an act of adultery in the people, he will be punished even if it is true."
(Abdul Razzaq, Vol. 7, p. 341)
In your time, rogues and corrupt people
were put in jail and their money was spent on them and if such a person did not
have money, it was spent from bait-ul-maal (government treasury) and used to
say that an evil has been imprisoned from Muslims. (And they have been saved
from this evil) will now be spent on it from the bait-ul-maal of the Muslims.
(Kitab al-Qur'an al-Imam Abi Yusuf, p. 179)
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