Muslim Heritage (Bano Abbas)

 Major reforms and achievements of Banu Abbas's era

After the fall of the Rashida Caliphate, the second of the two greatest empires established by the Arabs is called the Abbasid Caliphate. It was established in 750 (132 AH) and ended in 1258 (656 AH). This caliphate was established through a movement against the Banu Umayyads. The movement struggled for a long time to achieve its goals and finally came to power after defeating the Banu Umayyads. The Abbasid government was as personal and hereditary as the Umayyads, and the crown prince had the same method as the Umayyads. The Abbasid dynasty moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad and continued to flourish for two centuries. After the beginning of the fall, the kingdom was divided into several parts, in which local nobles took power in Iran, and al-Maghrib and Afrikaans came under the influence of the Aghalaba and The Fatimids.

Development of sciences and arts in the Abbasid era

During the Abbasid era, Muslims not only learned their knowledge and art, but also specialized in other important sciences of the world. Greek, Syriac, Sanskrit and Persian books were widely translated into Arabic. In this period, there were two main reasons for the writing of Vatalif, first, the scholars and writers and researchers were patronized by the Abbasid rulers. They were blessed with so much wealth that they were unconcerned by their livelihood. Translators were encouraged by giving them gold or silver equal to the weight of the translated book. Secondly, Muslims were familiar with the art of paper making at that time. He learned this art from Chinese prisoners who were captured in 407 A.H. during the conquest of Samarkand during the reign of the Umayyads. Earlier, books were written on membranes, skins and leaves, which cost more and were not safe. During the Abbasid period, almost all the caliphs patronized the sciences and arts, but Abu Ja'far Mansoor, Haroon Rashid and Mamun Rashid paid special attention to it. Caliph Mansur established the city of Baghdad, which became the world's largest center in sciences, arts and civilization. Students used to come here from far and wide to study. Apart from this, other major centers of science and arts were Basra, Kufa, Fustat, Kirwan, Ray, Nishapur, Marw and Bukhara.

The sciences and arts that evolved during the Abbasid period can be divided into two parts.

1. Religious sciences

The Qur'an: It had been completed during the Prophet's era, the Caliphs and the Umayyad period, so there was nothing left to do in it. However, during this period, the art of writing Qur'anic verses in different ways, in attractive ways was promoted.

Special attention was paid to this art in the Abbasid era, and the Qur'an (Imam Abdullah bin Kathir Amir bin Yazid Damascusi (d. 637), Imam Abdullah bin Kathir Makki (d. 837), Imam Asim bin Abi al-Najood Al-Kufi (d. 447), Imam Abu Amr b. al-'Ala Al-Basri (d. 177), Imam Hamza bin Habib Ziyat Kufi (d. 477), Imam Nafi bin Abi Naeem Madani (d. 477 AD). (Four of them found the Abbasid period) made valuable contributions to it, then his students wrote various books on the subject, in which kitab al-nihaiyyah (Muhammad bin al-Jazari 9241) became very famous. Other writers include Hafiz Dhahabi (d. 7431), Muhammad b. al-Jazari (d. 9241), Abu Amr uthman al-Dani (d. 2501), Khalaf b. Hisham, Ibn Kamil, Abu Bakr Tahir, Abu Bakr al-Naqash, Abu Bakr b. al-Hasan, etc.

Knowledge of Tajweed: Reading the Qur'an in its correct and pleasant voice is called Tajweed. During the Abbasid period, special attention was paid to it and books were also written on it. The first book on this art was written by Musa bin Ubaidullah Khaqani Baghdadi (d. 739).

Tafseer: "It is a knowledge with the help of which the meaning and meaning of the Qur'an are understood and its rulings and problems and mysteries and rulings are discussed."

During the Abbasid period, special attention was paid to it and a large number of commentaries were written. All the exegetes interpreted the Qur'an according to their own knowledge and art, such as Tafsir-e-Mathura, Tafsir Balarai and Tafsir al-Fiqh. Some of these famous ones are as follows:

Tafsir Al-Tabari (Muhammad b. Jarir, d. 329 A.D.), Tafsir Imam Tha'labi (d. 630 AH), Tafsir Sufyan b. 'Ayniyyah (d. 418), Tafsir 'Abd al-Razzaq (d. 628), Tafsir Al-Shaykh b. Hajjaj (d. 777), Tafsir Ibn Mardwiyah (d. 910), Tafsir Mafatih al-Ghayb (d. 121) etc.

Knowledge of Hadith: The literal meaning of hadith comes from talk, word, narration and expression. The words, actions, speeches and attributes of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) are called hadiths.

In the Abbasid era, the greatest work of collecting and editing hadiths, civilization and correction took place. Sahih Al-Bukhaari (Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad bin Isma'il, d. 078 AH), Sahih Muslim (Muslim bin Hajjaj Al-Qashiri, d. 578 AH), Sunan Abi Dawood (Suleiman bin Ash'ath, d. 888 AH), Jami Tirmidhi (Abu Isa Muhammad bin Isa, d. 298 AH), Sunan Nasai (Ahmad bin Shoaib, d. 619 AH), Sunan Ibn Majah (Muhammad bin Yazid, d. 888 AH). Among the well-known books of hadiths are Sunan Darqatni (Abu l-Hasan Ali b. 'Umar, d. 599 AH), Sahih Ibn Khuzaima (Muhammad bin Ishaq, d. 329 AH), Mustadrak Hakim (Imam Hakim Abu Abdullah, d. 510 AH), Musnad Khwarazmi (Imam Abu Bakr Ahmad bin Muhammad).

Barakani, d. 430 A.H.) etc.

Fiqh: "Knowledge is the knowledge in which rulings of Shari'ah are understood, discussed and laws derived through detailed arguments".

The promotion of fiqh is also an achievement of the Abbasid period. The four schools of fiqh i.e. Fiqh Hanafi (996-767 AH), Fiqh Maliki (517-597 AH), Fiqh Shafi'i (767-038 AH), Fiqh Hanbali (087-558 AH) came into existence during this period. In addition, Fiqh Ja'fari (Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, 08-841 AH) was also dissolved during this period. Imam Abu Hanifa's students Qazi Abu Yusuf (311-381 AH) and Imam Muhammad bin Hasan Shaybani (331-981 AH) played an important role in promoting Hanafi fiqh. Imam Muhammad law was considered to be the first founder of inter-country. The most important book of Fiqh Maliki is 'Maduna', which was compiled by Asad bin Firat (d. 312 AH) and Imam Muhammad bin Sahnun (d. 078 AH). Imam Shafi'i's famous book is 'Kitab al-Umm' and 'Al-Rasala' and Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal wrote a large book of Hadith called 'Musnad'. Other important books of fiqh include Al-Qaduri (Ahmad b. Muhammad Al-Qadawi, d. 730 AH), Kitab al-Hudayyah (Imam Ali b. 'Ali Abi Bakr Ferghani, d. 791 AH), Sharh al-Jami al-Kabir (Imam Balkhi, d. 912), Al-Haawi (Abu l-Hasan Ali al-Mawardi, d. 850 AH), Ahya al-Ulum al-Din Kitab al-Logiz, al-Wasit, Al-Basit, Akhtasir al-Khattab (d. 111 AH).

Sirat and History: Muslims first started writing on Sirat-un-Nabi, this promoted biography. Sirat and Maghazi are both connected to each other, so at the same time Maghazi also got a boost. This is where historiography began.  During the Abbasid period, historians had greatly expanded the scope of history. It also included the histories of the caliphs, victories, defeats, ministers, nobles, nobles, litterateurs, poets and people's professions. A large number of books were written on them. Some of these famous ones are as follows:

Ibn Jarir Al-Tabari (938-329 AH) first wrote a 14-volume book on history, describing in detail the circumstances of three hundred years from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) to his time.

In al-Sirat al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham, d. 428), he describes in detail the life of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).

Tabaqat (Ibn Sa'd, d. 548 AH), in which he wrote the conditions of the Prophet, the Companions and the Followers.

Fatah al-Baldan (d. 298 AH) wrote, in which the conquests of hazrat Umarra's time, and the conquests of Andalus, Central Asia and Sindh etc. have been mentioned.

Marwaj al-Dhahab (Mas'udi d. 659 A.H.), a great geographer and tourist, wrote this book, which makes the situation of the 4th century A.H. completely clear to us.

Apart from these, kitab al-maghazi (Musa b. 'Uqbah), Ansab al-ashrat (balazari), Tarikh al-Rasal wa'l-Muluk (Tabari), Kitab al-Ma'riyyah (Ibn Qutayba dinori), Kitab al-Awrak (al-Sauli), Tajarb al-'Amm wa Taqib al-Hamam (Ibn Musquyah), Tarikh-e-Damascus (Ibn 'Asakir), Wafi'at al-'Ayyan (Ibn Khalqan), Irshad al-Bab al-Mu'rifat al-'Adaba Important books are Ibn Khaldun, Akhbar al-Lamghafilin, Kitab al-Azkia (Ibn al-Jawzi), Akhbar al-Ajwad, al-Baqla and Qatli al-Qur'an.

Due to the expansion of Islamic rule and the conversion of non-Arab nations to Islam, a new civilization and civilization started, as well as books in Hebrew, Greek and other languages were translated into Arabic, which started spreading non-Islamic ideas among Muslims. This is where theology began.

The foundation of theology was laid by Imam Abu l-Hasan al-Ash'ari (378-639 AH). His book 'Al-Abana and Maqalat-ul-Islameen' is very famous. Apart from this, other famous books on this subject include Kashf al-Israr, Daqaiq al-Kalam and Kitab al-Tamaheed (Qazi Abu Bakr Baqlani), Kitab al-Shamil, Kitab al-Irshad (Abdullah bin Yusuf Abu'l-Ma'ali, d. 580), Tahafa al-Falasifa, Ahya al-'Ulum al-Din, Manaqat-ul-Ulum, Al-Jam al-Awam (Imam Ghazali, d. 111 AH), Kitab al-Tawheed, Kitab al-Jadal, Kitab-ul-Muqallat, Kitab-ul-Muqalat (Abu Mansur Muhammad bin Muhammad).

Philosophy: Philosophy begins with Arabic translations of Greek books sent by The Kaiser of Rome from the time of Mamun Rashid in the Abbasid era. Aristotle and Plato were translated more.

In philosophy, Ya'qub Al-Kindi, d. 378 (Kitab al-Falsafa al-Awla fi Madonfis wa al-Tawhid, Jawahir Khumsa and The Order of Alal) and Abu Nasr al-Farabi (Siyasat al-Madania) gained the most fame. This can be gauged from the fact that Kandi was given the title of 'first Arab philosopher' and Farabi was given the title of 'Second Teacher'. Apart from these, other important philosophers include "Ibn Sina (Kitab al-Shifa, Kitab al-Asharat wa al-Tanbihat), Imam Ghazali (Objectives of Al-Philosophy, Tahafat al-Falasifa, Ahya al-Ulum al-Din)".

 

2. Modern sciences:

In addition to religious sciences, other sciences such as medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, and various scientific sciences also developed during the Abbasid period. The Arabs first learned this knowledge from Greek, Syriac, Sanskrit and other languages and then transferred them to Arabic language. For which the regular Haroon-ur-Rashid established Bait-ul-Hikmat, where translation work was done.

Famous translators include Hanin bin Ishaq, Qista bin Luke, Isa bin Yahya, John bin Masuya, Hajjaj bin Mitr, Yahya bin Batariq, Abd al-Rahman bin Ali, Salam bin Al-Abrash and Thabit bin Qur'ah.

Knowledge of Medicine: In the Qur'an and Hadith, the principles of medicine and health have been mentioned from place to place. Therefore, the Caliphs of Islam paid attention to it from the very beginning in every period. Greek medicine was introduced among Muslims from the books of the Order of Greece, which were transferred to arabic language. After that he further developed and enhanced this art.

The Muslim doctors of the Abbasid period paid special attention to smallpox, measles and other epidemic diseases and invented their vaccines. Apart from this, "First Aid method, mercury coating, use of animal intestines in tanks, scarring wounds, removing stones through operation, eye and tooth surgery, bandage method, how to attach bones and plaster on them, use of modern equipment in operation, theory of blood during blood, use of sugar in combination medicine and methods of numbing before operation".

During the Abbasid period, the Caliphs also built a large number of shifa khanas, which were called 'Bimaratan'. The first shifa khana was built in Damascus by Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik (507-517). Apart from this, other famous shifa khanas include "Bimastan Baramakka, Bimaaristan Harbiya, Bimastan al-Sayyida, Bimastan al-Muqtadri, Bimastan Ibn al-Furat and Bairistan Azdi". The total number was around 06. A nazim was appointed by a caliph to supervise these dispensaries. Sinan bin Thabit became very famous in this post. You were the one who took the medical examination and figured out how to give the degree.

At that time there were three major centers of medicine.

(1) Alexandria (2) Jandi Sabur (3) Harran.

Among the well-known books are Ya'qub Al-Kandi, 178 A.H., Muhammad b. Zakariya Razi, 239 A.H., Kitab al-Haawi, al-Mansoori, Kitab-e-Tabab al-Faqrai, Kitab al-Tabab al-Muluki, Kitab al-Jadri wa al-Hasba, Mufaq b. 'Ali Al-Harwi, d. 159 A.H., Shaykh Al-Bu'ali Sina, d. 730, Kitab al-Qanoon, Kitab al-Qulj, Kitab al-Qawwalnj, Kitab al-Adwiyyah, Al-Qawwalnj, Al-Qawwalnj, Al-Naafi' Who developed medicine more than the Greeks. Even Europe benefited from his books and for a time these books were taught in his universities.

Mathematics: In its development, the knowledge of geometry, astrology and astronomy played an important role, because all three of them require calculation. Muslims originally developed this art in the 19th century. During this period, many Greek books were ordered from Caesar's Room, including mathematics books. They were translated into Arabic. This led to a passion for mathematics among Muslims. Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi is known as the inventor of mathematics and algebra and Banu Musa is called the Bawa Adam of geometry.

Among the important achievements of Muslims in the field of mathematics during the Abbasid period, the invention of zero, decimal.

The use  is the use of Arabic numericals, the use of 'sh' for unknown quantities, the discovery of the process of solving two-level equations and tri-linear equations, the method of jajar and jajar cube, the discovery of the scale of time distribution and the map based on trigonometry, etc.

The famous mathematicians of this period are as follows:

"Abu Kamil Shuja bin Aslam, d. 659 A.D., Kitab al-Taraif fi al-Ha'ab, al-Mu'khamis wa al-Mashr, Kitab fi al-Jabr wa al-Muqamat, 'Abbas b. Sa'id al-Jauhari, d. 448 A.D., Abu Tayyab Al-Sund b. 'Ali, Kitab al-Ha'ab al-Hindi, Kitab al-Qawat, Kitab al-Jabr wa'l-Mu'min, Hajjaj b. Yusuf Al-Mu'taar, Al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf Al-Mu'tar, Muhammad b. Musa al-Khawari, Muhammad b. The names of Ma'yhtaj al-'Ilya al-Kitab wa'l-Amal min 'Ilm al-Fasab), Banu Musa Shakir (Kitab Hayl bin Musa), Ahmad bin Yusuf al-Misri, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Isa al-Mahani etc.

Geography: Many verses of the Qur'an are related to geography. Such as the change of night and day, the movement of the sun, moon and stars, seas, deserts, mountains and rivers, etc. They created awareness of geography among Muslims. At the same time, various conquests, trade and travel also promoted this knowledge. He achieved this art by translating books from Greece, India and Iran into Arabic. Then he himself started writing and researching in this field.

It was during the Abbasid period that Muslim geographers measured the earth, prepared a map of the world, a naval chart, a globe and model of the earth, proved the earth's roundness and its rotation on its axis. He introduced the world to the principles of longitude, latitude, rainbow and tide and wrote a large number of books on this subject. Famous among them are as follows,

Surah al-Earth (Muhammad b. Musa Khwarazmi), Al-Masalik wa al-Desh (Ibn Khurdazba, d. 319, Muslim Geography of Adam), Kitab al-Buldan (Ahmad b. Ishaq al-Yaqoobi), Kitab al-Qur'an, Sana'at al-Kitab (Qudaamah b. Ja'far al-Katab, d. 229), Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Marifat al-Qalim (Abu 'Abd Allah al-Maqdisi, Abu 'Abd Allah al-Maqdisi, Abu 'Abd al-Muqaddasi, Abu 'Abd al-Muqaddasi, Abu 'Abd Al-Muqaddasi, Al-Tabari).

Chemistry: This knowledge was learned by Egyptian scholars and scientists from the Greeks. Then the Arabs took it from them during the Abbasid period. The Greeks operated mostly by 'guesswork and conjecture'. But The Muslims made objective and real experiments in this knowledge and established firm ideas. The aim was to convert less precious metals into gold. For this, different types of experiments were done, which led to many other discoveries in the field of chemistry.

The famous chemist Jabir bin Hayyan (d. 161 AH) was also in this period, who is called the 'Bawa Adam of Chemistry'. You emphasized the most experience. Successfully experimented with melting mercury, metals, detecting objects by steam and making various acids. His famous book is Qayman al-Ma'adan and Jawahir al-Kabir. Other famous chemists include "Ibn Wahshiya, Dhu'l-Nun Misri, Abu Bakr Razi, Ya'qub Qandi, Abu Hayyan Tawhidi, Ibn Sina and Abu l-Hasan Ahmad al-Khashil" etc.

During the Abbasid period, Muslim scientists introduced "methods of purification, fermentation, distillation, taqlis, taseed, dissolution, precipitation, various chemical compounds such as sulfas, potassium, nitric acid, mercury chloride, sulfur, mercury, sarma, color glasses, dyeing, perfumery, steel making, wax, dyeing, iron rust protection, leather dyeing, etc. Some of the books written on this art during this period are as follows:

"Jauhar teen al-atiqatin (al-Hamdani), fi maqalat wajab sana'ah al-qayama'i (al-farabi), Ritbat al-Hakim, Ghayat al-Hakim (Maslamah bin Ahmad al-Majriti), Ain al-Sana'ah wa Awn al-Sana'a (Abu'l-Hakim Muhammad bin Malik al-Khwarizmi al-Qa'i, d. 4301), Haqiqat al-Istashaad, Kitab al-Anwar wa al-Mafatih, Mafatih al-Rahmatah, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Rahmatiyyah, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'miniyyah, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'ta'i, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'min al-Mu'miniyyah, Al-Mu'ta'id al-Mu'minah al-Mu'miniyyah, Al-Mu'ta'id al

The beginning of these sciences started from the Umayyad period, but during the Abbasid period, it increased significantly. Their main centers include Kufa, Basra, Damascus, Aleppo, Egypt and Merv. The books written on these sciences are as follows:

Al-Qur'an, Kitab al-Nuwadr, Kitab al-Mu'ad, Kitab al-Mu'ad, Kitab al-'Amr ibn al-'Alai, Kitab al-'Ain, Kitab al-Naqat wa al-Shakal, Kitab al-Arood (Imam Khalil bin Ahmad), Kitab al-Laghaat, Kitab al-Mu'ad, Kitab al-Nawadar, Ma'ani al-Qur'an (Imam Yunus Habib), Kitab al-Sahaah (Imam Al-Jauhari), Kitab al-Ashtakaq (Ibn Dareed), Asaas al-Lagha (Imam Zamakhshari), Kitab al-Jami, Kitab al-Kamal (Imam Al-Zamakhshari). Lamiyyah al-Aqaam manzum (Imam Ibn Malik), Kitab al-Shafiyyah (Ibn Hajb)" etc.

Literature and Poetry: In the Abbasid era, the subjects of poetry were ghazal, qasida, haju, muqtaat, mursia and poems etc. They had different centers, in which Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Africa and Iran had a special place. The language of poetry used to be full of taqlaf, masja and mursa and rams and kanaya.

In the field of literature, "Jahaz" (Kitab al-Haywan, Kitab al-Bakhlai, al-Bayan wa al-Tabin), Abdullah bin al-Muqafa, (Kalila wa Damna), Ibn Qutayba, (al-Sha'ar wal-Sha'ara), Mubard (al-Kamil), Abu Ubaida, Sibwiyah, Ibn Rashid, Baklani, and Qudaamah bin Ja'far etc. made a name and ignited the literary world.